Steam-generator



No M olel.) 3 Sheets-Sheet 1. R. G. PACKARD. STEAM GENERATOR- No.489,495. Patented Jan. 10, 1893.

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R. G. PACKARD.

STEAM GENERATOR.

No. 489,495. Patented Jan. 10, 1893.

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No. 489,495. Patented Jan, 10 1-893.

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RALPH G. PACKARD, OF MORRISTOVVN, NEWT JERSEY.

STEAM-GENERATOR.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 489,495, dated January10, 1893.

Application filed October 5, 1889- Serial No. 326,093- (No model.)

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, RALPH G. PACKARD, a citizen of the UnitedStates,residing in Morristown, Morris county, New Jersey, have invented certainnew and useful Improvements in Steam-Generators, of which the followingis a specification.

My invention relates to steam boilers and furnaces therefor, beingespecially designed for stationary or marine steam generators.

The principal distinguishing feature of my invention is the relativearrangement of the boiler and furnace in such manner that the fire andheat are more or less cut off from one side of the boiler while theother side and bottom of the boiler are subjected to a greater extent tothe full heat of the furnace,whereby the water on one side of theboileris subjected to a more intense heat than the other and acirculation is produced in the boiler taking place generally in verticaltransverse planes, the water flowing downwardly on the side of theboiler which is somewhat protected from heat, upwardly on the side towhich the most intense heat is applied, and from the bottom, andlaterally at the upper and lower portions of the mass of water. Iprovide asteam separating chamber above the boiler and conduct the steamfrom the boiler to the upper part of the chamber into which it isdischarged through a nozzlein tangential direction,whereby a whirlingmotion is set up in the steam and the particles of water held insuspension are thrown centrifugally outward against the walls of thechamber, while the steam which is thus freed from water is drawn offfrom the top of the separating chamber through a suitable pipe. Theseparated water is drained from the bottom of the chamber back into theboiler through a pipe which discharges it into the downward current ofwater on the cooler side of the boiler. The boiler is constructed withonly two openings into it, one at the top and the other at the bottomand preferably at the front end thereof. The upper opening is closed bya casting in the nature of a saddle piece which forms also a base forthe dome or separator, and this casting is constructed with passages inconnection with suitable pipes through which the feed-water is admittedinto the boiler, the steam is conducted from the boiler to theseparating chamber, the

water drained from it is led back into the boiler, and also bypreference the steam from the top of the separating chamberis conductedaway from the boiler to the engine or other place Where it is to beused.

My invention also comprehends in its pre ferred form the employment oftwin boilers constructed in the form of cylinders arrangedlongitudinally side by side and with the furnace constructed beneaththem and arranged with its middle portion beneath the adjacent sides ofthe two boilers, its fire bed extending in transverse directionapproximately from beneath the middle of one boiler to beneath themiddle of the other. Thus the hottest portion of the fire comes againstthe under sides of the boilers and their inner or adjacent sides, whichare consequently heated to a higher degree than their outer or remotesides. The furnace walls are made inclined, flaring or curved and theirupper sides terminate against the outer lower sides of the boilers,thereby confining the direct heat of the furnace to the bottoms andinner sides of the boilers. The furnace is constructed with a metalshell or casing which is suspended at both sides at or near its contactswith the boilers from the girders on which the boilers rest, so that itis free to expand and contract without straining the boilers or girders.The fire chamber of the furnace is lined with fire brick or tiles ofrefractory material and between these tiles and the metal shell orcasing is placed a layer of non-conducting material in order to protectthe metal casing from injury byover-heating. The side walls of thefurnace are sloped outwardly ata suificient inclina:

tion to hold the lining tiles in place by their own weight, and in thecase of a marine boiler, to prevent their displacement by the rollingpipes leading from them are united by means of a T union having anintercepting partition The lining tiles are supported j to prevent thedirect passage of steam from one boiler into the other.

The accompanying drawings show my invention in its preferredconstruction.

Figure 1 is a front elevation of my improved .steam generator, the lefthalf of the figure being in vertical mid-section in the plane of theline 11 in Fig. 3. Fig. 2 is a fragmentary plan of the front portionthereof, partly in horizontal section on the line 22 in Figs. 1 and 3.Fig. 3 is a vertical longitudinal section cut in the plane of the line33 in Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a fragmentary midsection showing a portion ofone of the twin boilers in elevation. Figs. 5 to 9 are drawn on doublethe scale of those just described, and illustrate details. Figs. 5 and 6show the saddle or base casting of the steam-dome, the former being ahorizontal section on the line 55 in Fig. 1, and the latter an undersideplan. Figs. 7, 8 and 9 show the centrifugal nozzle within the steamdome, Fig. 7 being a side elevation, Fig. 8 a plan and Fig. 9 ahorizontal section on theline 99 in Fig. 7. Fig. 10 is a transversesection of a single boiler and its furnace, embodying my invention.

Referring to Figs. 1 to 4, let A A designate the twin boilers, and B thefurnace. The boilers A A are preferably horizontal cylindricalmulti-tubular boilers and are placed close together side by side. Thefurnace B is arranged under the boilers, its fire space enveloping thebottoms of the boilers and their adjacent or inner sides, but not theirouter sides, as shown in Fig.1. The fire-bed b, which is constructed ofgrate-bars, or in any other known Way, is preferably of a width equalto, or somewhat greater than, the distance from center to center of thetwo boilers, and it extends backward preferably for a distance equal toapproximately two-thirds the length of the individual boilers. In rearof the fire-bed is a sloping bridge-wall c (Fig. 3) which extends up farenough to form a slightly contracted throat (1 adjacent to the boilers,behind which on a lower lever is a hearth e of fire brick. From the rearof this hearth a curved back-wall f of fire-brick extends upwardly, andfrom its top springs the usual brick arch g, which terminates againstthe rear ends of the boilers A A. There is thus formed a passage or flueO for leading the flames and products of combustion from the fire-bed ofthe furnace to the rear ends of the boilers and conducting them into thetubes at a of the boilers, through which they flow to the front endsthereof and enter the breach D whereby they are collected and conductedupwardly to the base of the stack E, as usual.

The side walls of the furnace B are made sloping, as shown in Fig. 1,being-lined with fire bricks h and t. The fire-brick or tile h,

which will ordinarily be in direct contact with the bed of coals, ismade of considerable thickness in order to enable it to Withstand thewear caused by the raking of the fire and by the adherence of clinkers.The upper tile i is made much thinner in order to reduce the weight.Both these tiles rest at their lower edges on bracketsjj forming part ofthe framing or shell of the furnace, being thereby upheld so that whenworn or broken either can be replaced without disturbing the other bysimply lifting it outof its position and laying in a new tile of thesame shape and size in its place. The lateral displacement of thesetiles is prevented by the sloping of the shell or side walls of thefurnace at such an angle that the tiles will remain in place by theirown weight, For a marine boiler it is necessary that the angle shall besufficient to prevent disturbance of the position of the tiles by therolling of the vessel. The angle shown is a suitable one for a marinegenerator.

The furnace is constructed with an ash-pan F beneath the grate, and withthe usual front doors above the grate for stoking, and ashdoors Zbeneath the grate opening into the ashpit. These doors are formed in afront plate in constituting part of the shell of the furnace. A rearplate 71, Fig. 3, forms the rear of the ash-pit, and its upper edgeconstitutes the ledge for the support of the bridge tile 0. The sidesand bottom of the furnace are inclosed by a shell G of boiler-plate orother material, shown best in Fig. 1,which is stiffened by ribs 19 p ofangle iron. At each side of the furnace is an outer wall or shell IIwhich may be arranged vertically, as shown in Fig. 1. The side walls Gof the shell G being sloping, as shown in Fig. 1, two triangularair-spaces I I are formed between these walls and the outer walls II II.These airspaces communicate with the ash-pit F by means of perforationsq q formed in the side walls G.

The air which supplies the furnace is passed through the air chambers II, wherein it is heated, and enters by means of the perforations q (1into the ash-pit F. By the heating of the air in the air chambers I Ithe heat which is conducted through the tiles 72. and i and radiatestherefrom is saved, and the shell II is kept cool. Vhen a forced draftis employed the air chambers I I are made tight and an air conduitleading from a blower communicates with them and conducts the air forcedby the blower to the chambers I I, wherein it is heated and whence itfinds its way into the ash-pit.

In order to prevent undue loss of heat by its conduction through theseveral fire bricks or tiles h, t, c andf, (and also any other tilesthat may be in or about the furnace) I employ linings r r ofnon-conducting material, which linings are placed behind the respectivetiles and between the latter and their supporting shelves or plates. Anysuitable noncondncting material that can be molded into a plate or slab,and that is sufficiently refractory to withstand the heat employed, maybe used as the materials for these linings r r.

IIO

It is to be observed that the furnace shell G, which is in the form of aU-shaped apron, or trough, is suspended at its upper edges from thegirdersJJ or other support upon which the boilers rest. Thisconstruction enables the shell to expand and contract without disturbingthe girders or boilers. This shell G sustains the weight of the tiles hiand their non-conducting backing, and part of the weight of thegrate-bars and fire-beds, the remaining weight of the latter beingsustained by the front and rear plates m and n.

The direction of the furnace relatively to the twin boilers and theconsequent concentration of its heat to one side of the centers of theboilers, that is to say on the sides thereof adjoining one another,results in an unequal transmission of heat to the water in the boilers,that on the inner side of each boiler, or the side toward the middle ofthe furnace being more rapidly heated, than that on the outer sidethereof, which is exterior to the furnace, and protected from its heat.There is thus a circulation instituted in the water of the boiler, thiscirculation being upward where the water is most rapidly heated anddownward where transmission of heat is less rapid, as clearly-shown bythe arrows in Fig. 1. This circulation occurs approximately in verticaltransverse planes. As the water is heated not only by the portion of theboiler shell which comes within the furnace, but also by the tubes orflues passing through the boiler, the upward circulation takes place notonly adjacent to the inner side of the boiler shell, but also throughthe spaces between the tubes. In order to provide a clear andunobstructed space for the downward current the tubes are omitted forsome distance from the outer side of the boiler shell, as clearly shownat the left hand in Fig. 1. Thus an active circulation is maintainedwhile the boiler is in use, the water flowing rapidly down the coolerside and flowing up between the tubes and against the shell on thehotter side of the boiler and returning across the top, as clearlyindicated by the arrows in Fig. 1. The circulation thus caused rendersthe boiler very efficient, increasing the evaporation and facilitatingthe disengagement of the particles of water from the steam, therebyreducing priming.

On top of each of the twin boilers A A is mounted a steam dome K, whichis connected with the boiler through a base-casting or saddle-piece L. Around hole is cut in the top.

of the boiler and this saddle-piece isfastened over it, the dome beingfastened on top of the saddle-piece. The saddle-piece entirely closesthe hole in the boiler and cuts off communication between the interiorof the dome and the boiler except by means of certain passages formedthrough the saddle for the reception of pipes screwed into them. Thusthe dome is made a closed chamber or steam-separator, into which steamis admitted from the boiler and in which whatever water may be carriedwith the steam is separated from it before the steam is conducted to theengine. The steam is taken from the boiler A through ahorizontal pipe Marranged longitudinally close to the top of the boiler, and perforatedon its under side, as shown in Fig. 3. This pipe extends to the middleof the saddle-piece L and joins by an elbow a steam passage 3 (Figs. 2,5 and 6) formed approximately through the center of the saddle-piece. Apipe M is screwed into the upper end of this passage 8 and projects upvertically within the dome K, terminating a short distance below the topthereof. Its upper end is fitted with a nozzle N, shown separately inFigs. 7, Sand 9. This nozzle is so constructed that the steam whichpasses from the pipe M up through the pipe M in escaping from the latterwillbe deflected tangentially in one or more jets or streams, so that acentrifugal or whirling motion shall be imparted to'the steam within thesteam dome or separating chamber. This whirling motion acts to throw theparticles of water suspended in the steam centrifugally outward byreason of their greater weight, so that the water is broughtagainsttheinnersurfaceofthewalls of the chamber, down which it flows to thebottom thereof. This chamber or dome is an inverted cone and because ofits shape the water discharged from the nozzles adheres to its surfaceas it goes spirally downward thus leaving the center of the chamber fordry steam. The nozzle N is formed with lateral passages for the steam,which are curved tangentially as they extend outwardly from the center,and are somewhat restricted at their outlet in order to cause the steamto issue forcibly and in rapid streams or currents, so that it shall beeffective in maintaining the whirling movement within the dome. Anysuitable construction of nozzle which will accomplish this result may beused.

The particular construction shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 consists of acasting shaped in plan somewhat like a two-bladed screw propeller, andformed with two steam channels in e ach of its opposite wings, thesechannels being contracted in vertical direction at their outletopenings, as shown in Fig. 7.

The steam in the dome or separator after having by its whirling motionthrown off the particles of water, rises to the top'of the dome abovethe nozzle N and descends through a pipe P which stands verticallywithin the dome, as shown in Fig. 1 and in dotted lines in Fig. 4, whichis screwed at its lower end into an elbow-shaped passage s cored out inthe saddle-piece or casting L. These passages s in the two saddle-piecesL L are turned toward each other, and are connected by the two pipes PP, the outer ends of which are screwed into the passages s, and theinner ends of which are jointed by a T-union Q, to the lower leg ofwhich a downwardly-extending branch-pipe is connected, to which isjoined by an elbow the main steam-pipe P" leading from the boiler to theplace 'IIC where the steam is to be used. This pipe P passes through thebreech D, as shown in Fig. 4, whereby it is heated by the products ofcombustion on their way to the stack, and thereby the steam passingthrough the pipe is to some degree superheated. The T-union Q isconstructed with a partition q projecting from the side opposite itsoutlet and extending toward the outlet a distance equal preferably tothe diameter of the pipes P, so that this partition serves to interceptdirect communication from one of the two pipes across to the other, andacts as a deflector to turn the current of steam entering from the pipesP P on either side downward, and directly into the pipe P. It has beenfound that without this deflecting partition q there is a liability incase one boiler becomes hotter than the other that the water from thatboiler shall prime over into the other boiler, this result being due, asis be lieved, to the current of steam flowing from one boiler andthrough the pipe P thereof directly across into the other pipe P andthence into the other boiler. This deflecting partition entirelyovercomes this ditliculty.

The water which is disengaged from the steam in the dome or chamber Kand flows down the walls of the latter, is drained from the bottomthereof back into the boiler by passing out through a passage t (Figs.2, 5 and 6) in the saddlepiece L, and thence through a pipe T within theboiler, being finally discharged into the water therein beneath thewater-level. The upper end of the pipe T is screwed into the passage 15,and the pipe is provided with elbows so that it is carried to the outerside of the boiler where its discharge end turns downwardly (Fig. 1) inorder to discharge the disengaged water into the water in the boiler onthe side to which the least heat is applied, and where the downwardcurrent is found, whereby the advantage of a suction is gained tendingto draw back into the boiler the water from the dome K. The boilers arefed with water from any suitable source through pipes U U (Fig. 2) theends of which are screwed into bosses on the front of the saddle-piecesL L and communi cate with passages 11. u in the latter, which passagesextend backwardly and then downwardly, as shown in Fig. Within theboiler is a pipe U provided with bends or elbows of the same shape asthe pipe T, the upper end of which is screwed into the passage a and thelower end of which discharges beneath the water line on the outer sideof the boiler, as shown in dotted lines on the right hand boiler'inFig. 1. The feed-water is thus directed into the downward current on theside of the boiler to which the least heat is applied.

It will be observed that there is only one hole or opening in the upperpart of each boiler, viz, the one which is covered by the saddle'pieceL, and that through this one opening the feed-water is introduced intothe boiler, the steam is withdrawn from the boiler and the waterseparated from the steam is conducted back into the boiler. This resultis due to the construction of the saddle-piece L with the four openingsor passages s st and it formed through it.

In the front of each boiler and close to the bottom thereof is formed aman-hole or handhole, shown at the right hand in Fig. 1, and lettered 0.An opening is cut in the front of the boiler shell of the proper size,and to the front of the boiler over this opening is fastened a man-holebox R, which may be of cast iron, and which has holes in its front andback coinciding, or approximately so, with the opening in the boilershell. The handholc cover is arranged to close the openingin the frontof this box so that the interior of the box is in communication with theinterior of the boiler shell. Within the boiler is placed a blow-oifpipe S which extends longitudinally along the bottom of the boiler andis open on its under side and preferably near the rear end of theboiler. Its front end is screwed into an elbow fastened within the boxR, which communicates downwardly through the bottom of the box with apipe S continuing the pipe S, a cock Sintervening in order to controlthe blow-oif. By this construction the blow-off pipe passes through themanhole opening in the boiler shell, thereby avoiding the necessity ofcutting a separate hole for the blow-off pipe and hence avoiding theweakening of the boiler and liability to leakage incidental to suchadditional hole.

It is an important advantage of my improved steam generator that eachboiler has only two openings into it, one at the top closed by thesaddle L and the other at the bottom closed by the box R and itshand-hole cover. All the communication that is necessary to be made withthe interior of the boiler is effected through these two openings.

Fig. 10 shows my invention as applied to a single boiler. The furnace isconstructed with its fire-bed b to one side, and with its side walls 10and 10' meeting the shell of the boiler at different distances from thecenter, so that the direct heat of the furnace is caused to act upon theboiler for a considerable distance on one side, while it is almostentirely cut off therefrom on the other. Thus the water on the latterside is subjected to less heat than on the former, and consequentlycirculates downwardly, while on the hotter side and between the boilertubes'it is circulating upwardly. The walls 11; w are archedin thisconstruction, the wall to extending from the top of. the tile h on oneside, and taking the place of the tile 11 in Fig. 1, and the wall wextending from the top of the tile 2' on the other side, and terminatingat the boiler ata point much higher or farther from the center than thewall w.

I claim as my invention the following defined improvements in steamgenerators, substantially as hereinafter specified, namely:

1. The combination with a multi-tubular boiler having its tubes arrangedapart from its shell on one side, thereby leaving an unobstructed spacefor the passage of a downward current of water between the tubes andshell, of a furnace constructed with its fire chamber in communicationwith the bottom and with more or less of the opposite side of theboiler, and with the side of the boiler which is constructed with saidspace for downward circulation cut off to greater extent from directcommunication with the fire chamber.

2. The combination to form a steam generator of two horizontal boilersarranged side by side and a furnace constructed beneath them with itsfire chamber in communication with more or less of the inner or adjacentsides of the boilers but to greater extent cut off from communication.with their outer sides, with the fire bed of the furnace of less widththan the two boilers, and sloping walls for the sides of the firechamber extending upwardly and outwardly from the sides of the fire bedand joining the shells of the boilers.

3. The combination to form a steam generator of two horizontal boilersarranged side by side and a furnace beneath them having a fire bed of awidth approximately equal to the distance from center to center of theboilers, and with its fire chamber constructed with its side wallssloping upwardly and outwardly from the sides of the fire bed andjoining the boilers at the lower outer sides thereof, whereby the directheat of the fire chamber is in communication with the bottoms and innersides of the boilers but is cut off from the outer sides thereof.

4. A boiler furnace constructed with sloping side walls and withsupporting ledges attached thereto at difierent levels, and tiles ofrefractory material resting on said ledges, whereby the lower tiles maybe replaced without disturbing the upper ones.

5. A boiler furnace constructed with sloping side walls and withsupporting ledges attached thereto and lined with tiles of refractorymaterial resting on said ledges, the lower tiles which come into directcontact with the bed of coals being made of greater thickness than theupper tiles in order to withstand the wear due to the fire tools andclinkers.

6. A boiler furnace constructed with a trough-shaped metal shellsupported at its upper edges, whereby its expansion and contraction donot affect its supporting member.

7. The combination with a boiler or boilers and the support thereof, ofa boiler furnace constructed with a trough-shaped metal shell hung atits upper edges from said supports, whereby its expansion andcontraction do not affect the boiler or its supports.

8. The combination with a steam boiler of a steam dome or separatingchamber having invertedly conical sides, a steam pipe for conductingsteam from the boiler into the upper part of said separating chamber, anozzle at the outlet of said pipe, constructed with steam passagesdischarging tangentially, adapted to impart a centrifugal motion to thesteam in said chamber and thereby to throw the particles of water offagainst the sides of the chamber, whereby they adhere to the latter andflow down to the bottom of the chamber, and a steam outlet pipe takingsteam from the upper part of said chamber above said nozzle.

9. The combination with a steam boiler of a steam dome or separatingchamber, a steam pipe for conducting steam from the boiler into theseparating chamber, a nozzle N fitted to the outlet of said pipe andconstructed with steam passages discharging tangentially and downwardly,and a steam outlet pipe P leading from the upper part of said chamberabove said nozzle.

10. The combination with a steam boiler having an opening in its top anda steam dome mounted above said opening of a saddle piece fastened oversaid opening and forming the base to which the dome is secured,constructed with passages through it for establishing communicationbetween the exterior and the interior of the boiler and dome, and pipesjoined to said passages.

11. The combination with a steam boiler having an opening in its top, ofa saddle piece fastened over said opening and constructed with steampassages through it, and the steam pipe leading from the boilerconnected to the steam passage in said saddle-piece.

12. The combination with a steam boiler having an opening in its top ofa saddle-piece fastened over said opening and constructed with steam andwater passages through it, and the feed Water pipe connected to thewaterpassage in said saddle-piece.

13. The combination with a steam boiler having an opening in its top,and a steam dome arranged above said opening, of a saddlepiece fastenedover said opening and forming the base to which the dome is secured,constructed with steam passages s and s, the former opening into theboiler and having a steam pipe connected to it and projecting upward inthe dome, and the latter openinginto the dome and laterally to theexterior of the saddle piece, and having a steam pipe leading from thetop of the dome and connected to its upper side and an external steampipe connected to its lateral branch.

14. The combination with a steam boiler having an opening in its top,and a steam dome arranged above said opening, of a saddle piece fastenedover said opening and forming the base to which the dome is secured,constructed with a water passage 10 opening downwardly into the boilerand laterally to the exterior of the saddle piece, with a feed pipeUconnected to the exterior opening of said passage and a pipe U withinthe boilerconnected at its upper end to the downward branch of saidpassage and having its lower end immersed in the water in the boiler.

15. The combination with a boiler and its furnace constructed to impartmore heat to one portion of the boiler shell than to another and therebyto create a downward current of water at the side receiving the leastheat, of a feed pipe entering the boiler and terminating beneath thewater level at the portion of the boiler in which said downward currentexists, whereby it is adapted to discharge the feed water into thedownward current.

16. A boiler-shell constructed with an opening at or near its bottom, aman-hole box constructed with front and rear openings coinciding withsaid opening and fastened to the boiler shell over said opening, aman-hole cover fastened into the front opening in said box, and ablow-01f pipe leading from the interior of the shell and passing outthrough said opening and through the side of said box.

In witness whereof I have hereunto signed my name in the presence of twosubscribing 20 witnesses.

RALPH G. PACKARD.

\Vitnesses:

WM. P. BARSTOW, JOHN F. CLARKE.

